每日跟讀#742: Oxford Dictionaries declares ‘climate emergency’ the word of 2019

Oxford Dictionaries has declared “climate emergency” the word of the year for 2019, following a hundred-fold increase in usage that it says demonstrated a “greater immediacy” in the way we talk about the climate.

牛津字典宣布，二○一九年的年度詞彙為「climate emergency」（氣候緊急狀態），該詞的使用次數較之前增加了一百倍，顯示我們談論氣候時有「更大的急迫性」。

Defined as “a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt climate change and avoid potentially irreversible environmental damage resulting from it,” Oxford said the words soared from “relative obscurity” to “one of the most prominent — and prominently debated — terms of 2019.”

According to the dictionary’s data, usage of “climate emergency” soared 10,796 percent.

牛津字典將「climate emergency」定義為「需要採取緊急行動來應對的狀況，以減低或阻止氣候變化，避免其可能造成之不可逆轉的環境破壞」，該詞由「相對冷僻」躍升成為「二○一九年最突出及討論度最高的詞彙」。

Oxford said the choice was reflective of the rise in climate awareness, with the focus specifically on the language we use to discuss it. The rise of “climate emergency” reflected a conscious push toward language of immediacy and urgency, the dictionary said.

根據牛津字典的數據，「climate emergency」的使用次數暴增了百分之一萬零七百九十六。

牛津字典表示，選擇該詞不僅是反映氣候意識的抬頭，所著重的更是我們討論它時所用的語言；「climate emergency」一詞的興起，反映了語言朝向立即性和緊迫性的有意識推進。

In May, the Guardian updated its style guide to clarify that “climate emergency” or “global heating” would be favored over “climate change” or “global warming” (although the original terms are not banned) to better reflect the scientific consensus that this was “a catastrophe for humanity.”

英國《衛報》在五月更新了格式手冊，說明應優先選擇「climate emergency」或「global heating」（全球熱化）這些詞彙，而非原本的「climate change」（氣候變化）或「global warming」（全球暖化）（雖然這些術語並未禁用），以便更能夠反映科學上的共識──這是「a catastrophe for humanity」（人類的災難）。

Hundreds of cities, towns and even countries have also declared “climate emergencies” during 2019 — from Scotland in April and the UK parliament in May to Canada, France and the city of Sydney in Australia.

在二○一九年，有數百個城市、城鎮甚至國家宣布進入「氣候緊急狀態」──蘇格蘭在四月、英國議會在五月，還有加拿大、法國乃至澳洲的雪梨市。

“In 2018, climate did not feature in the top words typically used to modify emergency, instead the top types of emergencies people wrote about were health, hospital, and family emergencies,” the selection panel said. “But with climate emergency, we see something new, an extension of emergency to the global level.”

詞彙評選小組表示：「二○一八年，『climate』一字通常並不用來修飾『emergency』這個字。人們用來修飾『emergency』的字主要是「health」（健康）、「hospital」（醫院）和「family」（家庭）」。「但是『climate emergency』讓我們看到了新的東西，這是將「emergency」（緊急情況）擴大到全球範圍。」

And for those protesting that “climate emergency” is two words, as the Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s resident linguist explained in 2017, single words can consist of two parts. Such multipart constructions, like “heart attack,” “man-of-war” or the 2017 American Dialect Society word of the year “fake news,” are commonly accepted by linguists as words. “Climate emergency” beat the words “climate crisis,” “climate action,” “climate denial,” “extinction,” “flight shame,” “global heating” and “plant-based,” which were on the shortlist.

有些人提出異議說，「climate emergency」是兩個詞，但正如澳洲廣播公司的常駐語言學家在二○一七年所解釋，一個詞可以由兩個部分組成。這些由多個部分組成的詞，例如「heart attack」（心臟病發）、「man-of-war」（軍艦），或美國方言學會二○一七年度詞彙「fake news」（假新聞），都普遍被語言學家認可是單詞。「climate emergency」擊敗了入圍名單中的「climate crisis」（氣候危機）、「climate action」（氣候行動）、「climate denial」（否認氣候變化）、「extinction」（滅絕）、「flight shame」（飛行恥辱）、「global heating」（全球熱化），以及「plant-based」（植物做的）等字。

The dictionary’s word of the year is chosen to “reflect the ethos, mood, or preoccupations of the passing year” and should have “lasting potential as a term of cultural significance.” “In 2019, climate emergency surpassed all of those other types of emergency to become the most written about emergency by a huge margin, with over three times the usage frequency of health, the second-ranking word,” Oxford said. Previous choices for word of the year include “toxic” in 2018 and “youthquake” in 2017.

牛津字典選擇年度詞彙是為了「反映過去一年的思潮、情緒或關注焦點」，且該詞彙應「可能具有持久的文化意義」。牛津字典表示：「在二○一九年，『climate emergency』成為被寫下最多次的『emergency』種類，大大超過了別種『emergency』，『climate emergency』的使用頻率是排名第二的『health emergency』（健康緊急情況）的三倍以上」。過去的牛津年度詞彙包括二○一八年的「toxic」（有毒的）和二○一七年的「youthquake」（青年震盪）。

Source article: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2019/12/03/2003726837/2